The passive is created by adding
-y-
to the root (usually in the weak grade)
and using the Atmanepada endings.
The nasal added to the root is dropped: muc-, mubcati, pass. mucyate.
-i and -u in the root is usually lenghtened: ji-, jiyate, stu-, stuyate (to praise).
Final -a is usually changed into -i: da-, pass. diyate (to give).
Verbs of the X class drop -aya- but the stem usually retains the form it had in the active: cur-, corayati. pass. coryate.
Final -r is usually changed into -ri: kr-, pass. kriyate (to do) but after two vowels is changed into -ar: smr-, smaryate (to remember), sometimes even into -ir or -ur: tr-, tiryate; pr-, puryate (to fill).
The consonant -v- is changed into -u- in these roots: vac-, ucyate (to say); vap-, upyate (to sow); vas-, usyate (to dwell); vah-, uhyate (to carry); vad-, udyate (to say); svap-, supyate (to sleep). The passive is used very often in classical Sanskrit. It is used with the instrumental case.
3. ghatau ghrtena puryete |
4. vihagah pawairbadhyante |
5. janairnagaraj gamyate |
6. he wisya gurunahuyadhve |
7. naraih katah kriyante |
8. kavibhirnrpah sada stuyante |
9. prabhuta bhiksa grhasthasya bharyaya bhiksubhyo diyate |
10. kanyabhyaj gitaj giyate |
11. stenairlokanaj vasu coryate |
12. isubhi rane 'rayo nrpatina jiyante |
13. he devau sadhubhih sada smaryethe |
14. dandena wiwavah wisyante |
15. prabhutah kasthanaj bharo narenohyate |
16. awvena jalaj piyate |
17. dharmena rajyaj wisyate nrpena |
18. sarpena dawyete narau |
19. sutenawvastadyate |
20. guruna moksasya margo diwyate |
21. sadhubhih sada satyamucyate |
1. Girls bind garlands (pass).
2. Hari is again praised by Rama.
3. Vishnu drinks water from his hand (pass).
4. "In the shade is comfortably slept," is said by people.
5. Grain is sown in the fields.
6. It is played with dices.
7. Holy man always speaks truth (pass).
8. Jars are being filled with grain.
kr-, pass. kriyate: to do
ga-, gayati (IV): to sing
daw-, dawati (I): to bite
da-, pass. diyate: to give
pr-, pass. puryate: to fill
badh-, pass. badhyate: to bind
vap-, vapati (I): to sow
was-, pass. wisyate: to rule, to punish
wru-, pass. wruyate: to hear
ajba-, f.: order
kastha-, n.: wood
gita-, n.: song
ghata-, m.: pot, jar
ghrta-, n.: clarified butter, ghee
dhanya-, n.: grain
pawa-, m.: snare, trap
bhara-, m.: burden, load
bhiksu-, m.: Buddhist monk, mendicant, beggar
mala-, f.: garland
rajya-, n.: kingdom
wiwu-, m.: child
sarpa-, m.: snake, serpent